Listening Teaching Demos for Intermediate Level Essay

Listening Teaching Demos for Intermediate Level - Essay Example Likewise, the teaching presentation can be altered based on whether or not the speed at which the stakeholders are taking the information is slower or faster than may have been anticipated. Such an approach is especially salient when teaching in the elementary setting where the educator is oftentimes unaware of whether or not the students have been presented information before. (5 minutes) Introduction Teacher will introduce the lesson for the students by drawing cardinal points on the board to indicate the four directions, and then will proceed to a brief presentation regarding how these cardinal points have a long history, a brief discussion of the compass, and a segue to why Saudi Arabia, arguably the center of Arab culture, has been chosen for review. In this way, a brief history of the compass, an understanding of how cardinal points affect one’s life and allow individuals to relate to one another / identify with one another can be effected with the students. (20 minutes) Explaining & feedback The teacher will explain the lesson by writing on the board the directions such as north, south, east, and west, and will show the students a map of Saudi Arabia to recognize its boundary by (See the Appendix) referring to the four directions to find a city location. Afterwards, the teacher will point out if a city location is between two cardinal points using these terms: North South East West Northwest (NW) Southeast (SE) Southwest (SW) Northeast (NE) Then the teacher will ask the students randomly to answer a series of questions by using the Saudi Arabia map, such as: 1. What is to the north of Saudi Arabia? – Kuwait, Iraq, and Jordan. 2.... Listening Teaching Demos for Intermediate Level From the information that is thus far been provided, it can be seen that delivering a discussion and class participation module with respect to cardinal points can have a primary, secondary, and tertiary impact upon a litany of different aspects of furthering the educational process. Firstly, it targets participation and encourages students to become actively engaged in the learning process through working in teams and seeking out solutions. Secondly, it utilizes only a handful of instructional materials as a way of making the point and providing the active forms of education that have been previously delineated. Thirdly, it organizes the classroom environment in a non-unidirectional way. What is meant by this is that the teacher is not responsible for providing the students with an endless stream of information and then expecting them to regurgitate this back to him / her. Rather, the active part of learning within this particular scenario is taken by the pupils themselves. Although it is understood by this particular educator that it is not his role to be responsible for teaching each of these different subject matters in their entirety, providing the linkage between them and allowing the students to explore and improve their education based upon these determinants has a marked level of educational benefit. However, as has been noted with regard to the lesson plan above, by allowing curiosity and excitement of the unknown to help promote these determinants, the students are in fact able to partially motivate themselves as a means of engaging with the subject matter at hand.

Soil conservation Essay Example for Free

Soil conservation Essay Soil conservation is a combination of all methods of management and land use that safeguard the soil against depletion or deterioration by natural or man-induced factors. It most often attempts to ensure that SOIL does not erode and wash into streams and lakes or blow away in the wind, but it also involves the protection of the soil from damage by machinery (compaction) or by detrimental changes to its chemistry (acidification or salinization). Soil conservation comprises of all the procedures and methods that involve protecting the soil from natural as well as manmade destructions. There are many natural ways in which soil could get eroded or blown away. In the same way, soil could also get contaminated or chemically altered owing to acidification or salinization, or destruction from machinery. The saying, ‘change is the only constant’ holds true for everything †¦including nature. Everything in our natural world is in a perpetual state of evolution and change. However, when this change is triggered by unnatural methods, that is when an imbalance occurs in the natural process of the planet and it begins to affect our quality of life. Soil conservation is a very important issue, both in developing nations where a good portion of income is derived from agriculture and in developed nations where mechanized farming and an over-abundant use of chemical fertilizers can sometimes have a detrimental effect on the land. But it is not only for farmers and agriculturists it has a far-reaching effect on the environment and so concerns all of us. There is a growing need to prevent and control soil erosion and soil contamination, and to maintain soil fertility. Implementing various strategies and methods can help in stemming erosion of the soil, in preserving the quality of the soil and in increasing its productive capacity. Good soil conversation leads to enriched lands, better crop yields, good financial returns and a balanced environment. THE AGRICULTURAL SOIL CONSERVATION In order to carry out effective soil conservation, you must first consider several aspects of the land in question. Here are some of the things that must be considered – Is there enough vegetative cover over the land or does it need to be developed? What are the proper erosion control methods that can be utilized and how will you implement them? What is the soil salinity level and how are you going to manage it? What is the soil acidity level and how are you going to control it? What is the soil mineral content and do you need to regularly add mineral supplements? Is the soil contaminated and, if so, what methods are you going to use to remediate it and to prevent future contamination? Are there beneficial soil organisms in the soil and are they allowed to thrive? Once you know what kind of soil conservation is needed, you can consider implementing any or all the following methods – Planting dense rows of trees as wind-breaks along the borders of the land, especially on the sides that are exposed to stiff wind. Their roots stabilize the soil and prevent it from being shifted away by the wind.s Planting crops in rotation. Alternating crops helps avoid depleting the soil nutrients too fast. Planting cover crops. These stabilize the soil and reduce the effects of soil erosion. They also discourage the spread of weeds and help the soil retain its moisture in the summers. Plowing along the contour of the land. Planting crops parallel to the slope of the land. Going for strip cropping. This involves planting grasses or pulses between regular crops like corn. The corn crop is not particularly effective in preventing soil erosion, but the grasses keep erosion in check. Adding much to the soil surface. This prevents erosion by acting as a barrier and catching run-off water. Adding coir logs as barriers. These are very useful in areas where too much erosion has taken place and act as erosion preventing barriers and a support for new developing vegetation. Aside from coir barriers, sand bag and gravel bag barriers are also used. Growing grass on slopes and in waterways. Grassed waterways prevent too much soil from being washed away. Making use of natural as well as man-made fertilizers. Keeping the land fallow in order to rest it. Managing the levels of salinity. In areas where irrigation is in excess or where the saline water tables are low, the salinity levels can go up and make the land unsuitable for agriculture. This problem can be resolved by the use of humic acid. Managing the soil ph. The soil pH is what determines the amount of nutrients that the plants can absorb from the soil. Soil pH levels can be raised or decreased, as needed, by adding certain chemicals for example, agriculture lime for raising pH level and ammonium phosphate for reducing it. Encouraging beneficial soil organisms like earthworms and nitrogen fixing bacteria to thrive in the soil. The presence of such organisms enriches the soil. Using man-made chemical insecticides, pesticides and herbicides in very low amounts. Over use of chemicals can poison the soil and kill of useful organisms, and is generally harmful to the environment. Regularly add minerals to the soil. Minerals provide much-need nutrients to the soil to be absorbed by the plants. To mineralize the soil, add chemical supplements or try adding crushed rock.

Essay example --

What do I want to be when I grow up? What is answer to that question lies in some self-evaluation. What are my strengths and what are my weaknesses? What do I love to do and what I hate doing with my time. What would be realistic in the next maybe 60-70 years, possibly even more life that I have life left? Do I want structure mighty tall towers that touch the sky? Do I want to manage tens of billions of dollars of people’s money? Do I want to be an artist? Do I want to start my own successful enterprises? Or, will I fall into poverty, wage slavery, financial misery, and do nothing? Do I just sit there with student loan debt and not take action. Do I let my time to be spent in a matter I would not like, but â€Å"forced† so? So, many questions, so many possible answers to consider, let us consider some ultimate goals that have many ways to fortune, happiness, and success. First what do I, not anyone else, consider a success to be? Does it mean fame, power, and influence? Does it mean secrecy and peaceful. It depends on which one gives me the most utility of my life. I consider one is a success is to have control over time, to not have being dependent on anyone. I do have to put â€Å"work† over everyone else. If I could I could just walk off the job if I wanted and not have to worry about my standard of living going down. That presents a choice for me today, what do I have to sacrifice today to achieve tomorrow’s results and goals? Can I careless about debt and ring up the cash register for little toys that are going to be worthless in the future? Besides the fact of student loans, will I take out auto loans, go into credit card debt, and lose precious years of compounding to debt? All of the years that I will need for paying debt for l... ...icked a job and give a surmise of it. But, I am purposely being opaque. It just makes life all the better for me. It leaves for the reader (including the writer that is reading the text as he writes) to decide. Clearly there is a road that I am going down, which lane I am going down is to be known later. The basic topic of this essay is what you want to be when you grow up. Frankly, I will never stop growing. I might have some roles when I am growing up. While others fear about age, I love what it can bring. Ubiquitous thinking, eh, so as the writing goes to formal to causal to formal again, I will not recap what we learned. It is far easier for the reader to flip back to first three pages. Saves me a whole lot of time too, and time is a precious currency. This essay was started at 5:35am 7/25/13 and finished around 8 am that day. I hope you have a wonderful day

American Colonists Essay -- American History Religion Essays

American Colonists You wil be amazed to learn that which has been occurring in the American colonies. Chaos reigns where once there existed reverence; rage has displaced peace. Some wick ed force has corrupted the colonists’ hearts against their own king and, therefore, against their own best interests as wel. Moreover, the fuel for this sinful fire, in a large part, emerges from a tiny pamphlet, writen anonymously – and for this and li tle else, I give its author credit for inteligence. If identified, I imagine that this traitor would suffer greatly for the outrageous views he presents in Common Sense, which strikes me as anything but common sense. My first objection to this dreadful work of literature is its blatant misuse of the Biblical reference to Samuel in the atempt to support its groundless claims. Granted, kings impose upon their subjects the danger of succumbing to idolatry – only, of course, if the people seek aid from their king rather than from God. Such horrific temptation would surely justify the colonists’ cause. However, by comparing the colonists’ present situation to that of the Israelites, the author has made a serious blunder. As God’s chosen people, partakers of His original covenant, which rested upon obeying the Commandments, the Israelites commited an atrocious sin by asking for a human ruler rather than relying upon their God, who lived among them. Mankind now, by the Lord’s second covenant, stands upon the grace and salvation offered in Christ Jesus. The law stil applies, but under different circumstances, thus rendering it acceptable to live beneath the rule of a hu man king, so long as the heart and soul depend solely upon the King of kings. In addit ion, the coloquial language offends any... ...r litle about such things. What the author lacks in scriptural wisdom, therefore, he compensates for in more worldly knowledge; for this, some credit must be due. Third, granted, when viewed with detachment, an island ruling a continent over such a prolonged expanse of ocean does appear quite ridiculous. However, t here exist bonds between the colonists and the European nations, from which they claim their heritage, that surpass al distances and circumstances. I am therefore inclined to conclude that either the colonists have gone completely mad over the last centu ry and a half, or circumstances have changed to such an extent that I can no longer deem my former home recognizable. In the former case, let my statements remain as they stand. In the later, alow me to stand corrected in accordance to the present circ umstances and condition of the American colonists. American Colonists Essay -- American History Religion Essays American Colonists You wil be amazed to learn that which has been occurring in the American colonies. Chaos reigns where once there existed reverence; rage has displaced peace. Some wick ed force has corrupted the colonists’ hearts against their own king and, therefore, against their own best interests as wel. Moreover, the fuel for this sinful fire, in a large part, emerges from a tiny pamphlet, writen anonymously – and for this and li tle else, I give its author credit for inteligence. If identified, I imagine that this traitor would suffer greatly for the outrageous views he presents in Common Sense, which strikes me as anything but common sense. My first objection to this dreadful work of literature is its blatant misuse of the Biblical reference to Samuel in the atempt to support its groundless claims. Granted, kings impose upon their subjects the danger of succumbing to idolatry – only, of course, if the people seek aid from their king rather than from God. Such horrific temptation would surely justify the colonists’ cause. However, by comparing the colonists’ present situation to that of the Israelites, the author has made a serious blunder. As God’s chosen people, partakers of His original covenant, which rested upon obeying the Commandments, the Israelites commited an atrocious sin by asking for a human ruler rather than relying upon their God, who lived among them. Mankind now, by the Lord’s second covenant, stands upon the grace and salvation offered in Christ Jesus. The law stil applies, but under different circumstances, thus rendering it acceptable to live beneath the rule of a hu man king, so long as the heart and soul depend solely upon the King of kings. In addit ion, the coloquial language offends any... ...r litle about such things. What the author lacks in scriptural wisdom, therefore, he compensates for in more worldly knowledge; for this, some credit must be due. Third, granted, when viewed with detachment, an island ruling a continent over such a prolonged expanse of ocean does appear quite ridiculous. However, t here exist bonds between the colonists and the European nations, from which they claim their heritage, that surpass al distances and circumstances. I am therefore inclined to conclude that either the colonists have gone completely mad over the last centu ry and a half, or circumstances have changed to such an extent that I can no longer deem my former home recognizable. In the former case, let my statements remain as they stand. In the later, alow me to stand corrected in accordance to the present circ umstances and condition of the American colonists.

Physical development observation of a special need child in a group of diverse children Essay

ASSIGNMENT # 2: PARENT INFORMATION/EDUCATION SHEET In Chapter six, Stress is the body’s reaction to a physical or emotional situation that causes discrepancy in a person’s life. On the other hand, all children will experience stress, sometimes significant amounts of it, in their lives. The author depict the stress that young children may experience and it may well be resulting from disrupted homes, blended families, both parents working outside the home; increased exposure to violence, Parents working all the time, death, poverty Experts agree that for some children, growing up in today’s world may be tougher. As many as 25% of all children are at risk of academic failure because of physical, emotional, or social problems and are less able to function well in the classroom because they are hungry, sick, troubled, or depressed. Children seem to have fewer sources of adult support than in the past, and many are being pressured to grow up faster (Honig, 2009; Marks, 2002).We need to be concerned about accumulated ch ildhood stress and to be watchful about the types of stress-coping responses children are developing. Children experience stress from time to time in growing up. We have good evidence that children in poor families are less able to function well academically, socially, and physically. Despite this, almost 12 million children in the United States (16%) live in poverty, and another 5 million (7%) live in extreme poverty (Luthar & Sexton, 2007. Many children live in families that are typically overwhelmed with high levels of substance abuse, domestic abuse, and mental health problems. Poor children are more inclined to have developmental delays and behavioral and disciplinary problems than other children. They experience malnutrition, health problems, and below average school performance. Five suggested techniques for reducing childhood stress and supporting young children at home are: For parents that are working all the times, quality time is important as kids get older. Allow time for fun activities, It’s really hard to come home after a long day of work to get down on the flo or, and play with your kids or just talk to them about their day especially if they’ve had a stressful one themselves. Whether they need to talk or just be in the same room with you, make yourself available because expressing interest shows that they’re important. Complicating factors, like a divorce or separation, when these are added to the everyday  pressures that kids are facing, the stress is overstated. Divorce has been embattled as the single largest cause of childhood depression. Almost all children in that situation manifest some signs of psychological imbalance or feelings of insecurity. Even the most amicable divorce can be a difficult experience for kids because of uncertainty, it is a tough change. Parents should never put kids in a position of having to choose sides or expose them to negative comments about the other spouse. Parents need to sit down and explain to children the changes in an age appropriate way about what to expect, reassure them that the love both parents have for them will never change and that both of you will always be there to support them in any way. Another Suggested technique is Life event like death of a love one, Parents feel uncertain about how to comfort their children who have experienced the loss of a love one. Children understand very little about death, it is the parent’s responsibility to help their children develop a healthy understanding about the subject matter. Different families have different views when talking to children about death, it is a day to day event that even adult cannot comprehend but in that circumstance parents have no choice but to help their children cope with their loss by allowing them to talk and express their feelings and emotions. Additional suggested technique is natural disaster, as we seen in many countries where a hurricane or an earthquaque cause a family to lose their home and all their belongings. In time of hardship and confusion such as this, Children are thrown out of balance, they feel disoriented and will develop stress and anxiety caused by fear. Parents need to shield their children and help them get back into control. Talk to the children, reassure them that this situation is temporary and promise them that things will get better or seek professional help. Conclusion Our complex modern society has greatly increased the amount of stress adults and children are exposed to. Children are experiencing more stress at younger and younger ages Children react in different ways to stress. Some children become ill. Some may become withdrawn and nervous while others show anger and demand attention. It is not easy to recognize when kids are stressed out, but listen and watch for behavioral changes, mood swings, acting out, changes in sleep patterns, or bedwetting can be indications. Some kids have trouble concentrating or completing schoolwork. Still others become withdrawn or spend a lot of time alone even very young children have worries and feel stress to some degree. Adults ordinarily fail to recognize the incidence and magnitude of stress in the lives of children the author went on to explain how to help kids cope with stress, it is to provide proper rest and good nutrition, to create time for your kids each day. No technique will work all of the time. But Pay a little extra attention to her Some children experience more stress than others, some are more sensitive to stress and some are better at handling it than others. We cannot eliminate all stress from children’s lives, nor can we always succeed in making stressed children feel better immediately. Stress is a part of life, and children learn how to handle child-sized stress by dealing with it, with appropriate help and support. By practicing stress-reduction and relaxation strategies with your children, you’re helping them build skills they will use throughout their lives. Create an information sheet that can be sent home to help families support their children in times

Differences Between Allopathic and Osteopathic Medicine

Differences Between Allopathic and Osteopathic Medicine There are two basic types of medical training: allopathic and osteopathic. The traditional medical degree, the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.), requires training in allopathic medicine while osteopathic medical schools award the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) degree. Students hoping to achieve either degree attend medical schools and receive substantial training (4 years, not including residency), and other than the osteopathic students ability to administer osteopathic medicine, there is no real marked difference between the two programs. Training The curricula of both schools are similar. State licensing agencies and most hospitals and residency programs recognize the degrees as equivalent. In other words, osteopathic doctors are legally and professionally equivalent to allopathic doctors. The important difference between the two types of schools of training is that osteopathic medical schools take a holistic perspective on the practice of medicine based on a belief in treating the whole patient (mind-body-spirit) and the primacy of the musculoskeletal system in human health and the utility of osteopathic manipulative treatment. D.O. recipients emphasize prevention, a historical distinction which is less relevant as all of the medicine increasingly emphasizes prevention. Biomedical and clinical sciences take the forefront of both degrees training programs, requiring students of both fields to complete relatively the same course load (anatomy, microbiology, pathology, etc), but the osteopathic student additionally takes courses focused on hands-on manual medicine, including an additional 300-500 hours of study in manipulating the musculoskeletal system, a practice referred to as osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM). Admissions and Enrollment There are fewer D.O. programs than M.D. programs in the United States with about 20% of medical students entering D.O. programs each year. As compared with traditional medical school, osteopathic medical schools have a reputation for looking at the applicant, not just his or her statistics, and therefore likely to admit nontraditional applicants who are older, non-science majors or seeking a second career. The average GPA and MCAT scores for incoming students are slightly lower in osteopathic programs, but the difference is rapidly falling. The average age of entering osteopathic students is about 26 years (versus allopathic medical schools 24). Both require an undergraduate degree and basic science coursework before applying. Practicing osteopathic physicians make up seven percent of the United States medical physicians with over 96,000 practicing currently in the country. With enrollment in D.O. programs increasing steadily since 2007, though, it is expected that these numbers will climb in the coming years and more private practices will open that focus on this field of medicine.   The Real Difference The main disadvantage of choosing osteopathic medicine is that that you may find yourself educating patients and colleagues about your degree and credentials (i.e., that a D.O. is the equivalent of an M.D.). Otherwise, both receive the same level of legal benefits and are fully accredited to practice in the United States. Essentially, if you are hoping to choose between the two fields of study, you really just need to evaluate whether or not you believe in a more holistic, hands-on approach to medicine or the more traditional route of becoming a Doctor of Medicine. Either way, though, youll be a physician after completing your medical school degree and residency programs.

How Non-Profit Content Marketing Became a Year-Long Internal Win

How Non-Profit Content Marketing Became a Year-Long Internal Win We usually look at blogging and content marketing as an external benefit. It brings in traffic, creates our platform, establishes our expertise, and hopefully generates leads. But we cant forget: blogging is  for the writer  as much as it is for the reader. I hadnt considered how that would also apply to a team, and not just the individual. I was surprised to learn how non-profit content marketing could benefit an organization internally. I spoke with Scott from the North Dakota Interagency Program for Assistive Technology  (NDIPAT), a non-profit organization that matches people with disabilities with technology that can help them live life independently. Recently, their entire team took on the challenge of executing a content marketing plan for a year. How did that year turn out? I sat down with him and asked him about their journey, and their progress. Julie: Was it difficult to get your team to blog? Scott: Not really. We all knew the importance of blogging. Plus wed been doing a newsletter for a long time – bi-monthly over ten years – so this was a natural transition for us. Blogging lets us get more content out more regularly. The biggest challenge is that we have five bloggers spread out in two geographic locations. We dont really have a difficult time coming up with ideas. Narrowing down ideas is where its hard. Were trying to get the right content mix for the blog. Julie: What have you seen happen with your team as you worked on blogging together? Scott: From our standpoint, blogging provides a way for us to research topics, and understand things better.  It gives us an internal resource to go back to for reference. One person does the work of researching and writing a post, and we all benefit from it. Our entire team is building a great resource to use. Our blog is right up at the top, now. Weve been holding steady with our content. Julie: What are the success youre seeing from your blogging? Scott: There have been several instances of people contacting us about something they read on our blog, saying that they didnt know there was a solution for them until they read our blog posts. People have also called us and asked us questions based on blog posts. Were being more proactive as far as assistive technology within the state, in terms of how were blogging. One state does a podcast that they are known for, but their blogging is lessening. Our blog is right up at the top, now. Weve been holding steady with our content. SEO is important, too, and consistently our blog posts are up at the top on general key terms in the assistive technology field. Hitting the first or second page within a few days of a post going live is a big deal, I think. It means Google is coming back often if its appearing that soon. Hitting the first or second page within a few days of a post going live is a big deal. Julie: Do you ever consider not blogging any more? Scott: Weve never thought about stopping blogging, though weve changed our frequency, from three posts to two posts per week, due to staff changes. I dont know if well go back to three, but weve never considered ending our blogging. Its not an option. When we started, we were going to do a year for sure, and now that weve done that, and written over 100 posts, were going to keep going. Its just too valuable to stop, especially internally. It really is. Its almost like continuing education for you and your staff. Each writer has to do the research and writing, and then let the rest of staff read it. Its a professional growth piece for our staff, each time they write a blog post. With our field the way it is, our research happens online. Thats where the information is at, and its vast–no one has the same disability and needs. Individuals are unique, so finding a solution is unique. Thats why finding information and being able to share it is important. We can cover topics from so many angles for a larger audience.

History of Omar Khayyam essays

History of Omar Khayyam essays The man who was to keep the torch of scientific humanism alight within early Islamic civilization was born a thousand years after the death of Lucretius, and into a vastly different cultural setting. Nevertheless, in all that Omar Khayyam wrote one can clearly recognize the influence of the great Roman poet, and of the naturalistic Epicureanism that he celebrated. This is doubly remarkable when we recall that, during the centuries between Lucretius and Khayyam, a Dark Age had engulfed and stifled Western Europe. The spread of a mystical form of religion throughout the remnants of the Roman empire, combined with the influence of the Germanic tribes, had gradually produced what amounted to a reversion to barbarism. Gullibility and ignorance pervaded life at all levels, while economic activity declined to primitive levels of barter. An attitude of contempt for earthly existence and bodily pleasures had become the norm, along with belief in all manner of superstition and magic. Southward and eastward, however, two different cultural patterns had emerged. One was the Byzantine Empire populated by Hellenized Central Asians: Greeks, Syrians, Jews, Armenians, Egyptians and Persians. It existed as a static, class-dominated, authoritarian society, with change occurring only in extreme form and imposed from without. Yet, by the sheer fact of its existence, in those first cruel centuries following the fall of Rome, this remnant of the ancient civilizations performed a critical holding action for human culture. Within it were preserved many of the achievements of the Hellenic and Classical world. Then, in the seventh century, came the emergence of a new religion among the Arabs and Bedouins to the south, sparking a civilization which eventually encompassed and surpassed what little there had been of original Byzantine achievement. Mohammed, the founder of Islam, became at the same time the founder of a new Arabic state with its capital at M...

Accounting Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Accounting - Thesis Example The accounting standard deals with the disclosure of important accounting rules followed in presenting and preparing financial statements. In the early years, this activity was recommendatory in nature. Throughout this period, this was recommended for utilization by business firms listed on a familiar stock exchange, and other huge industrial, commercial and business enterprises in the private and public sectors. This accounting standard is accounting for fixed assets. In various enterprises these assets are grouped into different groups, for instance buildings, land, plant and machinery, furniture and fittings, vehicles, goodwill, patents, trade marks and designs. â€Å"This Standard deals with accounting for government grants. Government grants are sometimes called by other names such as subsidies, cash incentives, duty drawbacks, etc† (Accounting Standard (AS) 12: Accounting for Government Grants 125). FASB Statements and Standards. ICAEW: Library & Information Service. 2012. Web. 08 February 2012. < http://www.icaew.com/en/library/subject-gateways/accounting-standards/us-accounting-standards/fasb-statements-and-standards

Effective Performance Management System for enhancing employees Essay

Effective Performance Management System for enhancing employees motivation - Essay Example The paper tells that in order to enhance the performance of employees, it is important for Human Resource (HR) department to address the needs of every employee so that he/she is motivated to make valuable contributions in the organization. Motivated employees tend to work harder and also at times come up with an immense amount of creativity in their job performance. There are many motivational theories that can be implemented in the organizations for enhancing the employee’s performance but the best way is to identify each employee’s expectations from the job and to develop a performance plan that is compatible with their requirements. Some of the popular motivational theories are Taylor’s Theory, Maslow’ Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Two-factor theory, Vroom’s Expectancy Theory, McGregor Theory X and Theory Y and etc.; the central crux of each of the theory is that employees’ performance can be enhanced only by identifying their req uirements from the job and providing them the opportunities of demonstrating their intellectual capabilities. The management of the organization needs to carefully review the resources required by the employee to perform the task in an effective manner and hence the management needs to ensure that the resources are provided to the employees. One of the integral processes or systems of HR department is Performance Management System (PMS). This is a system that ensures that employees’ performance is evaluated on an ongoing basis so that they can be provided guidance on managing their jobs effectively. With the help of an effective PMS, an organization can ensure that the employees are well-aware about the tasks that they have to perform, year-end goals that have to be achieved, factors on which their performance will be evaluated and the rewards and recognition that will be given to them for doing exceptional work. For the management, the performance management system allows th em to monitor the performances and accordingly work on the need and requirements of improving employee performances.

3.Critically discuss the view that political regimes cannot have Essay

3.Critically discuss the view that political regimes cannot have legitimacy without democracy - Essay Example The role of democracy, in this context, is to legitimate what is legal and vice versa. Whether it is a representative democracy or direct democracy, the role of democratic processes is to bring a moral bearing to the legislatures. More broadly, democracy is the force of virtue through which a state can exercise its authority. The rest of this essay will elaborate various facets to the interrelation between legitimacy and democracy. â€Å"the question of the relationship between legitimacy and democracy depends on the relationship between support and democracy, a relationship which is contingent, not axiomatic...Legitimacy and democracy are related if members support an institution only to the extent that they view it as democratic: the relationship between legitimacy and democracy is therefore at the level of beliefs and of beliefs that the institution has to be democratic if it is to be supported.† (Blondel, Sinnott, & Svensson, 1998, p. 10) In liberal democracies, especially, legitimacy of the regime is of paramount importance. What is true for nations is also applicable to supranational entities. The European Union is a case in point, where most nations in the bloc purport to embrace the liberal-democratic constitutional framework. Even the EU constitution is an abstraction of this common theme uniting several nations in the bloc. In the case of the larger entity the EU, as it continues to expand, â€Å"the complex has intensified and has become more and more closely linked to the issue of legitimacy†. (Rosanvallon, 2011, p. 7) It is understood at the time of ratification of the EU constitution that, for the EU to be a democratic conglomeration, gaining legitimacy is an imperative. Equally, the European Parliament is another key institution for maintaining democratic processes within the EU. The Council of Ministers and the national parliaments are expected to play a complementary role in this regard. With thes e expectations of the European

Professional football players salaries are too high and it should be Essay

Professional football players salaries are too high and it should be decreased by 40 percent and part of it should be spent to i - Essay Example People turn the television on and chances are a game is being aired. Some people tend to ignore sports, and just concentrate on the grim issues happening in the world. However, others are fanatics for games, and cannot spend a day or two without watching football. Every sport, which is on television, is leisure for the community. Oblivious individuals who are self-seeking usually do not appreciate all the effort, time and hard work it undertakes to be a qualified footballer. Professional player’s duty is playing the game they love. Footballers, for instance, are projected to obtain a high waged income because of the fans that come to support and watch them at the games. Being a footballer is there occupation, and they must be waged high incomes. Cutting the salaries of footballers by 40 percent will undermine their effort and reduce their motivation towards the game. Lack of motivation can lead to poor performances on the part of the player. Additionally, a footballer can suff er an injury that will require him to use billions of money to cure it. It will be impossible for footballers to obtain the best medical care if the salaries are reduced. It is crucial to keep in mind that there are other entities: organizations, companies, institutions and government bodies that contribute and invest billions in the football games. Football falls under creative economy where its value and significance lies in ideas. Football is a big business, for instance, Real Madrid in the 2011 fiscal year, it made $695 million or more. In the FIFA’s current Big Count, 280 million people -4% of the world’s populace are engaged in football. Therefore, football is a part of the creative economy. Creative economy denotes to a part of the economy, which draws its value by creating and dispensing â€Å"cultural services and goods, which influence the economy through generating jobs, income, and value of life.† Connecting football to the inventive economy equates football tocultural charitable organizations, artists, and inventive businesses. This signifies that footballers can be likened to actors, dancers, painters, sculptors, educators, as well as other occupation paths linked with enriching community with a vibrant civilization. I argue that football is part of this creative economy because it produces and distributes cultural goods that directly impact quality of life and the connections between people. Soccer influences the quality of existencesince the experience connects people with others and permitspeople to elude the pain, predicaments, and hurt which they experience theireveryday lives. A football game is a show. The football players are performers in a theatre whose laws run play however,they do not determine it. The audiences come from diverse perspectives in the domainto have a stake in the game (Publishing, 2010). Typically, people think that soccer is played within blue-collar, business cities, whose personnel emerges to sup port and back the regional team; still, soccer is similarly played inin jails, schools, and also by construction workforces. Currently, particularly, football is a worldwide game, which brings collectively not only the employed class workers in business centers but as well white-collar personnel from cultural centers like Barcelona. In this manner, football becomes anethnic institution,which defines people’s own identity. Football is an inventive enterprise, which connects persons across geographic, temporal and political boundaries. It is inventive both on account

How important was the Meiji Emperor in shaping the era of change over Research Paper

How important was the Meiji Emperor in shaping the era of change over which he reigned - Research Paper Example Meiji can be a very good choice for someone trying to create a radio or television documentary concerning the social history of Japanese’s nation. This is because of his role in the Japanese social and political reforms. His activities in office give him interesting candidature that does not only entertain, but also historic figure. The most famous sense of pride to the Japanese is the Meiji restoration that bears his names, the abolishment of the idea of feudalism, and the impending industrialization in the Japan. Meiji Emperor Emperor Meiji was initially referred to as Prince Mutsuhito, and was born on 3 November 1852 to Nakayama and emperor Komei. Mutsuhito used the name Meiji, which meant the enlightened government. Soon after being promoted to be the emperor, he changed his name to Meiji whilst moving the capital from Kyoto to Tokyo. Kyoto had been the imperial capital’s location for many years. During this period the Meiji restoration and revolution was still unde rway. The forces of imperialism gathered under Meiji’ rule and they manage to defeat the Tokugawa. Thereafter, the power passed to daimyo who was the leader of the revolution. Meiji retained his title and prowess as the emperor though the government had become an oligarchy comprising the political, economic, and greatest military men of Japan. Meiji himself was a symbol of leadership, and thus championed the peace restoration in his territory by assisting the imperialists defeat the Shoguanate. The Reign of Emperor Meiji When the emperor of Meiji was restored, Japanese State had a weak military. During this time, Japan was primarily an agricultural State with low levels of technological development. Many of the independent feud lords controlled the emperor. The western powers hard initially forced Japan to sign agreements that restricted its control over its own external trade. In this regard, they demanded that crimes touching on foreigners in Japan to face trial in the west ern courts, and not Japan. At the end of the Meiji emperor following his demise in 1912, Japan had improved in many ways (Herbert, 2000). They had a highly bureaucratic and centralized mode of government, and a constitution outlining the establishment of an elected parliament. In addition, they had a well-developed transport and communication network. They also had well-educated citizens free from feudal restrictions of class. Japan had established a rapidly growing industrial sector rooted on the latest advancement in technology. The establishment of powerful armed forces of the army and navy followed all these. By this time, Japan had completely regained foreign trade control and all the legal systems. It had established full self-governance and equality in almost all international affairs following its victory over the two wars. One of the wars was against Russia who was a major European power. Japan had gone past its goals in a less than a generation. In that process, it changed its society as a whole. Success in modernization of Japan has related interest in how and why it was in a position to adopt western social, political, and economic institutions within a very short time. The answer to this was found in Meiji restoration. The political revolution is what restored the emperor back to power and he did not rule directly. People expected him to listen to the advice of those who had overthrown the shogun. In this regard, small group of ambitious, patriotic, and able young men from the lower levels of samurai

Professional football players salaries are too high and it should be Essay

Professional football players salaries are too high and it should be decreased by 40 percent and part of it should be spent to i - Essay Example People turn the television on and chances are a game is being aired. Some people tend to ignore sports, and just concentrate on the grim issues happening in the world. However, others are fanatics for games, and cannot spend a day or two without watching football. Every sport, which is on television, is leisure for the community. Oblivious individuals who are self-seeking usually do not appreciate all the effort, time and hard work it undertakes to be a qualified footballer. Professional player’s duty is playing the game they love. Footballers, for instance, are projected to obtain a high waged income because of the fans that come to support and watch them at the games. Being a footballer is there occupation, and they must be waged high incomes. Cutting the salaries of footballers by 40 percent will undermine their effort and reduce their motivation towards the game. Lack of motivation can lead to poor performances on the part of the player. Additionally, a footballer can suff er an injury that will require him to use billions of money to cure it. It will be impossible for footballers to obtain the best medical care if the salaries are reduced. It is crucial to keep in mind that there are other entities: organizations, companies, institutions and government bodies that contribute and invest billions in the football games. Football falls under creative economy where its value and significance lies in ideas. Football is a big business, for instance, Real Madrid in the 2011 fiscal year, it made $695 million or more. In the FIFA’s current Big Count, 280 million people -4% of the world’s populace are engaged in football. Therefore, football is a part of the creative economy. Creative economy denotes to a part of the economy, which draws its value by creating and dispensing â€Å"cultural services and goods, which influence the economy through generating jobs, income, and value of life.† Connecting football to the inventive economy equates football tocultural charitable organizations, artists, and inventive businesses. This signifies that footballers can be likened to actors, dancers, painters, sculptors, educators, as well as other occupation paths linked with enriching community with a vibrant civilization. I argue that football is part of this creative economy because it produces and distributes cultural goods that directly impact quality of life and the connections between people. Soccer influences the quality of existencesince the experience connects people with others and permitspeople to elude the pain, predicaments, and hurt which they experience theireveryday lives. A football game is a show. The football players are performers in a theatre whose laws run play however,they do not determine it. The audiences come from diverse perspectives in the domainto have a stake in the game (Publishing, 2010). Typically, people think that soccer is played within blue-collar, business cities, whose personnel emerges to sup port and back the regional team; still, soccer is similarly played inin jails, schools, and also by construction workforces. Currently, particularly, football is a worldwide game, which brings collectively not only the employed class workers in business centers but as well white-collar personnel from cultural centers like Barcelona. In this manner, football becomes anethnic institution,which defines people’s own identity. Football is an inventive enterprise, which connects persons across geographic, temporal and political boundaries. It is inventive both on account

Henry George and Andrew Carnegie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Henry George and Andrew Carnegie - Essay Example Henry George had visited a lot of places to become a democrat and develop views against the corruption that was prevalent in a government set up. He closely analyzed the situation of poverty in the different cities of the world. He finally came to the conclusion that industrial capitalism was a ground reality which was increasing the poverty in the world. It was during his early times that the rail roads and tractors were coming as new technologies. But as he reviews in his book these new technologies were of no good to the poor community as they did not up heave the status of the poor communities (Henry 1). He rather saw all these new technologies as an act of deception to put the poor communities in a bitter turmoil where they could not avoid the overall situation. In his belief it was the material progress which was the primary reason of poverty and hence he was against industrial capitalism as a whole.Henry George had visited a lot of places to become a democrat and develop views against the corruption that was prevalent in a government set up. He closely analyzed the situation of poverty in the different cities of the world. He finally came to the conclusion that industrial capitalism was a ground reality which was increasing the poverty in the world. It was during his early times that the rail roads and tractors were coming as new technologies. But as he reviews in his book these new technologies were of no good to the poor community as they did not up heave the status of the poor communities (Henry 1).

A Personal Take on the Debate Between Rationalism and Empiricism.Doc Essay Example for Free

A Personal Take on the Debate Between Rationalism and Empiricism.Doc Essay The study of knowledge, or epistemology, contains theoretical methods by which information is learned. Of these methods, two are most widely accepted. These two methods, rationalism and empiricism, are also the most widely debated methods of knowledge acquisition. Rationalism claims that knowledge is gained by a priori processes and intuition. Rationalism claims that knowledge is innate; however the level of innate knowledge contained by humans varies amongst rationalists. At the other end of the spectrum, empiricism claims that knowledge is gained largely by experience, observation, and sensory perception. These views pose a striking contrast and controversy within the theory of knowledge. Which view is correct, or is there even a correct view? As rationalism and empiricism are studied and compared, it becomes evident that empiricism is the more correct theory of the acquisition of knowledge. However, in order to believe so, there must be a differentiation between knowledge and behavior. According to the empirical scientific process, bodily behavior and function is rationalist. That is, it occurs without humans first learning how to breathe and pump blood with their heart. Knowledge however, refers to The British philosopher John Locke is credited with formulating the complete modern doctrine of empiricism. Locke proposed that, upon entrance into the world, the mind is a white paper upon which experiences leave their marks. According to Locke in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding the predominant sources of ideas and knowledge are sensation and reflection. It seems that after receiving knowledge empirically, the human mind resorts to reflecting on the information. This reflection could ultimately lead to the internalization of knowledge, therefore making it seem innate upon recall of the information. Scottish philosopher David Humes thoughts and theories regarding empiricism are the basis of what is understood as empiricism today. Humes studies on empiricism took empiricist ideas to a whole new level. Hume divided all of knowledge into two categories: relations of ideas and matters of fact. Relations of ideas encompass logical propositions such as mathematics and geometry, while matters of fact are pieces of knowledge dependent on observation. Hume goes even further in saying that ideas, commonly understood as arising from human intuition (rationalism), are empiricist. According to Hume, ideas are merely remembrances of impressions or sensations gained by experience and observation. Humes ideas here are not unreasonable. While ideas can be new or innovative they generally do build upon the knowledge already possessed by experience. For example, the iPod was a new idea; however the idea itself was a remembrance of previous portable music devices such as the Walkman or Discman. In effect, Hume seems to be saying that new ideas are simply improvements made to existing ideas gained through impressions and sensations. While rationalism and empiricism are generally recognized as opposing views, it is important to remember that they are not mutually exclusive when understood in a general sense. However, when a philosopher is looking for the fundamental source of all knowledge, then one view must be discarded in favor of another. By separating human knowledge from human body function, it is reasonable to conclude that all human knowledge and ideas are gained empirically and through experience.

The French Ban Of The Hijab

The French Ban Of The Hijab The wearing of the hijab or otherwise known as the Islamic headscarf has been a focal point in many discussions and a highly debatable subject in France. Ever since the France banned the wearing of Islamic scarves in 2004, there has been a spectrum of issues that arise particularly in three related areas: religion, self-identity of a Muslim veiled woman, and the national identity of France. What does the tern hijab denote? What is the national identity of France and how does it view the hijab? What constitutes to the headscarf ban? In this essay, I aim to discuss the implications of the clash between Frances national identity and the constructed identity of wearing the headscarf for French Muslim women. Secondly, I discuss about the repercussion of the headscarf ban such as discrimination faced by the female Muslim students at schools. For the study of this paper, I focus only on the Islamic headscarf ban though other religion symbols are banned in France such as the Jewish skullcaps and Christian crosses. The literature review foregrounds the above mentioned three questions. Background Literature Review A confusing array of positions has been taken about the relationship between wearing the hijab and Islam over the recent years. (Winter, 2008) For some, it marks the religious symbol of Islam and inevitably becomes an inalienable part of a womans identity. Religious scholars have asserted that Islamic law requires women to wear the hijab, a headscarf covering their ears, hair and neck.(Wiles, 2007) Relating to this view, Muslim women thus believe that wearing the hijab is an obligation under the commandment of the Quran. Originally, the term hijab meant curtain or separation which denoted to hide from view. Donning the headscarf, indicates that underneath it is a woman and without it, Sheikh Al-Hilali as cited in (Winter, 2008) is uncovered meat to eyes of the men who become cats, and thus cannot be blamed for harassment signifying womans weakness. (H.Sinno, 2009) states that wearing the hijab may serve as a womans emancipation and empowerment. On the contrary, French liberal perfe ctionists view the donning of hijab as a marker of female and religious oppression affecting a womans autonomy (Laborde, 2006) that contradicts with the principle of secularism. Secularism is forms part of the national identity of France, a country that disliked the force of the Catholic Church after centuries of religious battle. The roots of secularism can be recalled back into early liberalism and its succinct focus on universality, rationality and individual autonomy (Asad 2003; Yavuz and Esposito 2003) as cited in (GÃ ¶kariksel Mitchell, 2005). Fundamentally denoting, it aims to separate state and religion meaning being neutral in religion so that a democratic republic is formed. Therefore, in the eyes of secularism, religious conspicuous symbols cast religious differences onto individuals that are supposed to be rational and equal. (GÃ ¶kariksel Mitchell, 2005)As such, the wearing of hijab is perceived to indicate a non-secular expression which gradually initiated the ban. The French law imposed a ban for prohibiting all overt religious symbols which took effect on March 2004. (Kiersh) The law is a modification to part of the French Code of Education that constitutes the principle of secularity. As mentioned, France is a self-declared secular state and the manners which public schools are run are directly influenced by that notion. The controversy of the headscarf ban started with a decision undertaken by a high school headmaster in Creil who expelled three female Muslim students wearing the hijab on 18th September, 1989. Within a week, his decision was overturned. The Education Minister, Lionel Jospin , sought legal opinion and the Council stated that the right to don the headscarf was in accordance to the principle of secularism and was legally essential of French citizens fundamental doctrine rights to exercise the freedom of expression and religion. Furthermore, it can be reviewed that the wearing of such a religious symbol should not be conspicuou s in a way that leads to disrupt order in schools. Later, the Council issued a circulation advising that ostentatious elements should not be worn in schools. (Wiles, 2007) A series of tensions and irregularities stirred up such as ethnic-related violence which the government blamed on the presence of religious symbols. According to (Wiles, 2007), in July 2003, President Chirac recommended the passing of the law that bans religious symbols in state schools and reasoned that the main purpose was to affirm independence and openness to cultural diversity, arguing that the wearing of headscarf does not fit in this vision. Discussion In retrospect with the lectures and readings, it can be examined that there is misrecognition of the French Muslim women with the French law of prohibiting the wearing of religious headscarves. As (Tatum, 1997) highlights, there is a mythical norm that exists in the minority group which says, that is not me and in this case, if a Muslim woman who believes that her religion requires her to don the hijab, is forced not to wear it to abide the French law of secularism, then, that is not her. Furthermore, by prohibiting her from doing so strongly infringes on her right to that freedom of religion and conscience according to the view of (Wiles, 2007). France as mentioned is a multicultural society, but as (Blum) highlights, multiculturalism is a tolerance for and recognition of the right of other groups to pursue their own cultural identities, but which is being diluted in the effect of the ban. The ban does not have respect for and the interest in the cultural heritage of the Muslims, an d thus France cannot be said to be a multicultural society, for there is racial discrimination that surfaces from the ban. Chirac stated, Secularity is one of the republics great achievements. It plays a crucial role in social harmony and national cohesion. We must not allow it to be weakened (Fontanaud, 2003, Chirac urges Muslim headscarf ban, para. 13) As mentioned in the quote, the terms social harmony and national cohesion are indeed questionable as there have been social unrests due to the protests by the Muslims to urge Chirac not to propose the law to enforce the prohibition. Representing the subordinate group, they feel victimised and refuse to be obliged to succumb to such a ban by the dominant group because they lose their religious identity; their dignity and honour. (Taylor, 1994) A law on religious symbols in the school environment could stigmatise a whole community, said Dalil Boubakeur, president of the French Council of the Muslim Faith (CFCM). (Fontanaud, 2003, Chirac urges Muslim headscarf ban, para. 17) I agree with Dalils opinion, as the stigmatisation as mentioned could result in an inherent reduction in the identity of the religion in the discourse of the French community and the protests may reflect the Muslims reaction to re-acclaim their identity, dignity and self-respect. (Tatum, 1997) According to (Fontanaud, 2003), Chirac rejected the commissions proposal to mark the holy days of minority faiths, reiterating that French pupils had many official days off. One of the minority faiths include Islam and by doing so, demonstrates blindness to their religion and its unacceptance. (Taylor, 1994) Looking back at the notion of secularism, one may question in what way does it embrace a democratic society when it visibly demarcates the subordinate groups in terms of religious practices, despite claiming to promote cultural diversity and social harmony. In other words, it can be said that in France, do what the French do just like the saying goes in Rome, do what the Romans do to have Frenchness1 or to be called a French citizen, one must not wear the headscarf, if not, you are the other as (Tatum, 1997) puts it. In schools, French Muslims are placed at a fix amidst this identity struggle between faith and citizenship, and some are expected to compromise in wearing a bandana. (BBC, Muslim girl shaves head over ban , 2004) Touria adds: Its part of who I am. Its not just some bit of fabric on my head. Its everything. People say that its the women who wear the veil that are submissive but I think it is those women who are submissive, because it is what men want, women half naked. (BBC, 2004, French scarf ban comes into force, para.3) Tourias statement clearly contradicts Sheikh Al-Hilalis statement as cited in (Winter, 2008) that had been mentioned earlier in my introduction, where it is purely up to the individuals belief to don the headscarf, whom in this case, regard it as representing who she is (Tatum, 1997) and its possessed worth is much more than its material or function, neither does it represent a sign of weakness to the male gender. At the same time, Touria highly attunes by wearing a bandana because she refrains from drawing attention to herself or her religion, if so, may face racial discrimination in school and be excluded as a member in that discourse community. (BBC, French scarf ban comes into force , 2004). In some schools, the rule is so strict that, even a bandana is not permitted. Cennet Doganey asserts that she respects the French law and the Muslim law and shaves her head completely. The cause that led to this was due to the fact that she was refused to enter the class despite wearing a bandana and states, I respect the law but it did not respect me. (BBC, Muslim girl shaves head over ban, 2004) To her, the French law discriminates in the form of tangible representatives such as the headmasters by restricting her freedom to exercise the rights of her religion due to the headscarf ban in public schools. Some girls are even being sent home which is justified as being required to abide by the French law, that being one dimension but another which presents itself as a pillar of discrimination. Their education gets affected and they need to make a choice to go against their religious beliefs to be an inclusive French citizen. (Hashmi, 2000) If having awareness to cultural identity is th e objective of secularism in a multicultural community, then there should be cultural pluralism that involves the different racial groups to have tolerance and acceptance for and recognition of the rights of one another to pursue their own cultural exploration. As (Taylor, 1994) mentions as cited in (Blum), liberal values needs to present in the notion of multiculturalism, which contradicts the principle of secularism and the headscarf ban. Neither is there equality in dignity nor respect for that religious practice. It seems to however connote the wearing of the hijab as a threatening weapon to secularism. (Blum) reaffirms that a persons cultural identity has a distinctive set of history and practices which is central to ones overall individual identity. Hence, by being true to the constituents of the ban in accordance to the French law, the French Muslim is being separated of her own identity and becomes a misrecognised marginalised individualist whose dignity is not respected by the law. (Robert J.Pauly, 2004). Supporting this view, Taylors notion of recognition as cited in (Blum) is defined as to recognise cultural differences which creates the identities of the Muslim individuals, and by doing so means to respect their dignity, if not, it dishonours them. There are limitations to the scope of my discussion due to adhering of the word limit otherwise, the concept of integration, assimiliation and melting pot not only in France, but other parts of Europe would have been further explored as the headscarf ban arises in Turkey as well as Germany. Conclusion It appears that despite efforts undertaken by the French government to separate state and religion, it is clear that different individuals have different realities. The reality of the headscarf ban in the eyes of French Muslims causes discrimination and a separation from ones identity. The reality of secularism has good intentions in having individuals to be liberated from assumed oppressive religions but demonstrates otherwise where it stigmatises cultural identities, portraying them to have less worth in the society. Multiculturalism needs to be deeply examined in the French context due to the consequences mentioned that arise from the headscarf ban. Indeed, the headscarf ban itself needs to lend itself to be further investigated on whether it is a necessity or intolerance.

Restrictions on Guns for the Sake of Life :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

"Our cause is just, our cause is real, our cause is now!" cried out Mayor Wellington Webb. While watching the television news, I heard the mayor say this. I also found out that over the past five years one hundred and fifteen homicides occurred each year. Obviously the harmful situation involving guns is growing to new horrible heights. The news show was about gun control. If the mayor acknowledges that there is a problem, we as the citizens should also. Restricting the right to bear arms will undoubtedly make any community safer. However, to do so would take a lot more than just prohibiting the sale of guns. Many people, at least in my community, own guns. Granted, many of these guns are used for hunting, but they are still guns. The authorities would have to take everyone's guns away to really make a community safer. I believe that it would make a community safer because guns kill, accidentally and on purpose. Many people argue that they have guns for protection--protection from the other people who carry guns. They defend their possession of guns saying they can use their guns to kill an intruder. They also argue that their guns are used to hunt and feed their families. Although these defenses may be true, I am brought back to an incident that occurred last year where I lived. A father of a couple of the girls at my school was hunting with his son and he accidentally killed him. This is a terrible tragedy, but it brings us face to face with the reality that even in the most innocent of situations, if a gun is involved there is a possibility of death. Originally, guns were not intended to protect; they were intended to kill. Made for wars, they were weapons of war, in which they were used to fight enemies and to help a country be more powerful, and they are still used for this today. However, today we are fighting a different war. We used to speak of waging war; today we are waging war. This war is against people. Kids are killing kids on rampages through schools. Gang members use guns to kill someone that they just don't like, and then the other gangs must retaliate, which makes it a never-ending cycle. The intent of a gun, whether to protect (as many people say) or not, is to kill someone else.

Justice and Morality in Platos Republic Essay examples -- justice as

Introduction This essay discusses and clarifies a concept that is central to Plato's argument in the Republic — an argument in favour of the transcendent value of justice as a human good; that justice informs and guides moral conduct. Plato's argument implies that justice and morality are intimately interconnected, because the excellence and goodness of human life — the best way for a person to live — is intimately dependent upon and closely interwoven with those 'things that we find desirable in themselves and for their consequences [1]. Hence, we acknowledge that Plato Is moral thesis cannot be interpreted either as a deontological or as a consequentialist argument — or as an act centred or agent centred moral concept. Plato's thesis is informative, in philosophical terms, precisely because it enables us to find new and more fruitful ways of looking at those basic questions concerning justice and morality, and the manner in which they are interrelated [2]. In the Republic Plato endeavours to answer complex questions about justice by introducing a unique account of what justice actually is, and how morally sensitive people are educated and informed about the real nature of justice and morality [3]. Our understanding of justice is more profound if we insist that what really matters is not merely the observance of external demands — normative and conventional moral rules — but the character of the truly just person [4]. Justice and goodness, based upon judgement as the virtue of a decent life, are seen as congruent in the context of a well ordered society. Plato's fundamental claim, in the Republic, is that justice is so great a good that anyone who completely embraces it is thereby better off, even in the face of the... ...4-225 [19] Rep. VI 573d & ibid., p.221-222) [20] ibid., p.327 [21] Nagel, 1986, pp. 195-196 [22] Rep VII, 540a-b [23] Rep. V, 46le-462e [24] Rep. IV, 419a-421c & Rep. VIII, 519d-521b [25] Annas, 1981, pp. 321-334 & White, 1979, pp.43-54 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BIBLIOGRAPHY Annas, Julia An Introduction to Plato's Republic Oxford 1981; Chapter 3, pp. 59-71; Chapter 6 pp. 53-169; Chapter 13, pp. 331-334 Irwin, Terence Plato's Ethics Oxford 1995; Chapter 12, pp. 181-202 Kraut, Richard (Ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Plato Cambridge 1992; Chapter 10, pp. 311-337 Nagel, Thomas The View from Nowhere Oxford 1986; Chapter X, pp. 189-207 Waterfield, Robin (Tr.) Plato's Republic Oxford 1993 White, Nicholas A Companion to Plato's Republic Indianapolis 1979 Justice and Morality in Plato's Republic Essay examples -- justice as Introduction This essay discusses and clarifies a concept that is central to Plato's argument in the Republic — an argument in favour of the transcendent value of justice as a human good; that justice informs and guides moral conduct. Plato's argument implies that justice and morality are intimately interconnected, because the excellence and goodness of human life — the best way for a person to live — is intimately dependent upon and closely interwoven with those 'things that we find desirable in themselves and for their consequences [1]. Hence, we acknowledge that Plato Is moral thesis cannot be interpreted either as a deontological or as a consequentialist argument — or as an act centred or agent centred moral concept. Plato's thesis is informative, in philosophical terms, precisely because it enables us to find new and more fruitful ways of looking at those basic questions concerning justice and morality, and the manner in which they are interrelated [2]. In the Republic Plato endeavours to answer complex questions about justice by introducing a unique account of what justice actually is, and how morally sensitive people are educated and informed about the real nature of justice and morality [3]. Our understanding of justice is more profound if we insist that what really matters is not merely the observance of external demands — normative and conventional moral rules — but the character of the truly just person [4]. Justice and goodness, based upon judgement as the virtue of a decent life, are seen as congruent in the context of a well ordered society. Plato's fundamental claim, in the Republic, is that justice is so great a good that anyone who completely embraces it is thereby better off, even in the face of the... ...4-225 [19] Rep. VI 573d & ibid., p.221-222) [20] ibid., p.327 [21] Nagel, 1986, pp. 195-196 [22] Rep VII, 540a-b [23] Rep. V, 46le-462e [24] Rep. IV, 419a-421c & Rep. VIII, 519d-521b [25] Annas, 1981, pp. 321-334 & White, 1979, pp.43-54 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BIBLIOGRAPHY Annas, Julia An Introduction to Plato's Republic Oxford 1981; Chapter 3, pp. 59-71; Chapter 6 pp. 53-169; Chapter 13, pp. 331-334 Irwin, Terence Plato's Ethics Oxford 1995; Chapter 12, pp. 181-202 Kraut, Richard (Ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Plato Cambridge 1992; Chapter 10, pp. 311-337 Nagel, Thomas The View from Nowhere Oxford 1986; Chapter X, pp. 189-207 Waterfield, Robin (Tr.) Plato's Republic Oxford 1993 White, Nicholas A Companion to Plato's Republic Indianapolis 1979

NEBOSH General Certificate Essay

A safety inspection was completed The workplace is an â€Å"A† listed building with historical significance and covers three storeys and a basement. It is made up primarily of offices; however the Museum of Fire forms a large part of the ground floor, with the basement area used for exhibit archiving and storage. 47 staff are employed in the building, 1 of which is registered disabled. They work various patterns throughout the day between 8am – 6pm performing general administration duties, whilst a small number of staff also provide museum guided tours to members of the public. On occasion there are visitors who attend meetings in the building both in ground floor conference rooms and throughout the three storey premises. There are 4 cleaning staff who work in the building between 6 am-730 am. Cleaning staff vacuum, dust and clean the toilets within the building. Most staff have dedicated work stations, however some staff are required to â€Å"hot desk†. There are four photocopiers within the building which are used throughout the work day. During my safety inspection a number of safety issues were noted and have been compiled in this report. I recommend you dissect this report carefully and take note of the issues that I have raised and take swift action to make amends. Financial costs to implement these requirements are explained in my recommendations. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Breaches were found with regard to the following health and safety issues: 1.Fire (Scotland) Act 2005: blocked fire exits, combustible substances found in protected escape routes, inadequate evacuation procedure for the evacuation of disabled employees. 2.Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992: trip hazards were identified throughout, insufficient lighting in basement area may lead to injury and employees using vehicular  access routes as shortcuts into building present collision hazard. 3.Manual Handling Operations regulations 1992: Lifting equipment has not been provided to assist employees and incorrect manual handling techniques displayed by staff. 4.Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992: DSE assessment findings not actioned and procedures not followed for new employees. 5.Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (as amended): Employee safety potentially compromised through inadequate disposal of printer ink cartridges and inadequate ventilation in first floor photocopier room. MAIN FINDINGS OF THE INSPECTION Fire (Scotland) Act 2005 The majority of health and safety law breaches were found under this piece of legislation. Two fire doors were found to be blocked during the inspection with one being locked entirely. Discarded combustible substances were identified within protected escape routes and adjacent to potential ignition sources. Fire doors were discovered to be wedged open throughout the building with the justification offered by some staff that â€Å"we operate an open door policy†. A major concern identified was the lack of provision for the safe evacuation of disabled employees or visitors to the building. Disabled employees and visitors can gain access to the building by using the lift provided within the central stairwell. This will not be accessible in the event of a fire and some other means of evacuation will be required. The organisation has purchased an evac-chair however at the time of the inspection this was locked away and staff had not been trained in its use. There are serious flaws in the personal evacuation plan for the employee located on the first floor. A defective fire extinguisher was also identified. Flagrant disregard for Fire Safety is putting your employees at risk, which may result in your organisation facing financial penalties, with senior management facing the potential for custodial sentences. This may affect your company’s reputation resulting in lost business. Most of the issues I  have identified in this report can be dealt with immediately. Management can ensure that procedures are being followed by the initiation of a quarterly safety inspection programme. Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 Although access to the basement is limited to a small number of employees, a number of areas for concern have been identified. Freedom of movement in the basement corridors is virtually impossible due to stored museum artefacts and general clutter presenting trip hazards. Access to the basement is via a steep stone staircase, there is no handrail provided presenting the potential for slips, trips and falls. The lighting within the basement is inadequate and there is the potential for injury by coming into contact with low pipework at head height throughout this area. The disabled employee located on the first floor shares an office with two other able bodied employees. The disabled employee has limited mobility and uses a walking stick. Free movement around this office was found to be difficult due to the presence of boxes and general clutter. There is the danger of trips within this area with subsequent injury. At the time of the inspection unseasonal snow showers had led to slippery conditions at the main entrance. There was no provision for clearing this area and gritting icy surfaces, no employee had been detailed with this responsibility. At the time of the inspection employees were observed taking shortcuts through the vehicular access routes to the car parking area. This accompanied with the weather conditions presented a hazard where a pedestrian may come into contact with vehicular traffic sustaining serious injury. Manual Handling Operations regulations 1992 Two main issues were identified during the inspection, which raised concerns  over manual handling. The first is that employees appeared to be unaware of safe lifting and handling techniques, poor lifting techniques may lead to injury. Additionally, management has not provided suitable equipment to allow boxes to be safely stored on top of cabinets, the provision of a suitable step ladder or suitable lifting equipment should be considered. Back injuries can potentially be serious and may affect the individual for the rest of their lives. The cost of suitable manual handling training is minimal compared to the cost of compensation claims by employees following injury. This can be considered part of your moral duty to your employees. Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992 Initial inspections were carried out by your organisation, this could have been considered to be good practice, however the findings of the inspections have not been actioned. There was evidence of employees improvising to mitigate the effects of issues which were identified during DSE inspections. There has also been a failure to carry out DSE inspections with new employees. Introducing a DSE inspection procedure will cost the organisation very little as adequate training has already been provided to managers. It was intimated that excessive workloads were preventing managers from finding time to carry out adequate DSE inspections. The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health regulations 2002 (as amended) In general your workplace can be deemed to be low hazard, however two breaches of the COSHH regulations were observed. A used printer cartridge was left discarded next to the printer in the first floor main office area. This contained residue ink and had the potential to expose staff to hazardous chemicals. The photocopier on the first floor is located in a confined space. This presents the hazard to exposing employees to ozone as the area did not have suitable working ventilation. Exposure to ozone will result in employees becoming ill. These issues can be rectified at reasonably small cost. You have a duty under the COSHH regulations to not make your employees ill, and breaches of this regulation, if taken to court, could lead to fines and custodial sentences. CONCLUSSIONS This report has shown that there are a number of serious health and safety breaches within LBFRS headquarters. The Fire (Scotland) Act 2005 has been dangerously ignored through fire exits being blocked, combustible materials being discarded in protected escape routes and serious concerns over the evacuation procedure for disabled employees and visitors. The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations have been disregarded with corridors being blocked in the basement, unguarded obstructions at head height and the potential for falls down access stairs due to the absence of a suitable handrail. Trip hazards located in areas frequented by your disabled and other employees are also a concern. Employees taking shortcuts through vehicular traffic routes also have the potential for serious injury. Incorrect manual handling techniques can lead to permanent injuries, currently management is not meeting its obligations by providing suitable training and lifting equipment to negate this hazard. Although initially carried out the findings of DSE assessments have not been actioned and new staff have not been included in the procedure. These findings can impact negatively on employees and hold the potential to affect productivity as well as resulting in injury through long term exposures. There were also breaches under the COSHH regulations which have the potential to lead to illness and injury of employees. First aid equipment was found to be out of date. If the recommendations detailed within this report are not actioned then your organisation may be at risk of negative publicity, with breaches of health and safety law leading to a poor reputation which can have a direct effect on existing business relationships affecting your company’s financial stability. Employee absence will also have financial implications for your organisation as retraining, recruitment and litigation costs may prove to be substantial. Management must make an effort to improve health and safety in  the workplace, failure to do so is likely to impact of employee morale and may have a direct effect on productivity. The recommendations following my inspection of your organisation are detailed in the table below. I strongly recommend that these findings are actioned and that all suitable changes are introduced to your workplace. Recommendations RecommendationLikely resource implicationsPriorityTarget date Unblock fire exits and ensure they can be opened in an emergency evacuation. 1 hour for two employees. Financial cost of purchasing secure break glass point to house basement fire door key and time costs of organisations joiner to fit box securely onto wall adjacent to door.

Life Sentence, Cruel and Unusual Punishment?

Teenagers are always committing petty crimes, and some are more sever then others. Most of the time when juveniles are charged for crimes, they are sent to Juvenile Hall. But what if the crime requires more com/capital-punishment-and-sensitive-societal-issue/">punishment than that? Some teenagers are committing crimes so sever that they’re being tried as adults and serving life in prison without parole. The Supreme Court is now considering whether this sentence constitutes ‘cruel and unusual’ punishment. Teenagers are always doing something illegal because maybe they think it's cool or they’re not thinking properly or whatever it’ll be. But no matter how extensive the crime, teens shouldn’t be imprisoned their whole lives because of one stupid decision or mistake they made at 15 years old. Hopefully some people grow up and out of their old ways and they regret what they had done. But, unfortunately, that’s not enough. Joe Sullivan. 13 years old. Convicted in 1989 for sexually assaulting a 72-year-old woman. Now at 34, Joe is asking the Supreme Court to decide whether his sentence violates the Constitution’s Eighth Amendment ban on â€Å"cruel and unusual punishmentâ€Å". Joe Sullivan is located in Florida – the state holding the highest number of non-homicidal juvenile lifers: 77. Joe’s crime is cruel and unusual but others could and are way worse. According to the reports from the Equal Justice Initiatives, only 8 people in the world, all in the United States, are serving crimes they committed at 13. Prompted by a quick rise in juvenile crimes in the 1990s, Florida and other states have taken a get-tough approach. Which made the punishment much more sever for their crimes. Rebecca Falcon. 5 years old. Convicted on November 19th, 1997 for shooting and killing a cab driver. That night Rebecca was upset over an ex-boyfriend and because of that, she drank a large amount of whiskey. Later on, she and an 18-year-old friend hopped in a cab and within minutes the driver was dead. To this day, the shooter wasn’t identified, however the gun belonged to her friend. Both had put the blame on each other. Now Rebecca is 27 and highly regrets her decisions from night. Some people do mature over time and not everyone deserves to be entenced for life for a crime they committed as teenagers. 2,500 prisoners in the United States are serving life imprisonment for crimes they did as juveniles. 109 people were sentenced for life for crimes that didn’t involve a homicide. Besides Sullivan’s case, there have been only one other case involving teenagers locked away for rape. But the question is, is it right? Obviously putting them in Juvenile Hall will do nothing seeing how they committed the crime a year or two before they would get out if they were put there. But at the same time, life in prison might not be the best thing either. Putting a 13-year-old in jail and telling them they’ll be there for the rest of their lives is somewhat overwhelming. Young teens are more susceptible to peer pressure and easily run off the straight and narrow by the environment around them. Jail is suppose to serve two purposes: Punishment and rehabilitation. However, if teens are being sent to life without parole, they’re only getting the punishment. Not everyone should be giving parole but no one should be denied a chance at another life.

Laws and the Work Place Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Laws and the Work Place - Research Paper Example Events are pushing the United States to contemplate in new ways about employees’ rights. The traditional methods of formulating and implementing employees’ rights are incompetent, costly, and detrimental. Forceful new events, particularly growingly powerful global competition, the weakening of unions and deep-seated changes in employment law, are currently restructuring workplace issues in striking and astonishing ways. This research paper discusses laws pertaining to employment, particularly those related to health and safety, unions, discrimination, privacy, and job security. The paper also includes a discussion of the impact of employment law on businesses and consumers. Protecting Employees’ Rights The Department of Labor (DOL) supervises and implements a large number of federal laws. These directives and the rules that enforce them encompass numerous workplace issues for both employers and employees (Goldman & Corrada, 2011). Some of the major areas of emplo yment law relate to health and safety, unions, discrimination, privacy, and job security. The Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act is managed by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). ... It safeguards union resources and endorses union democracy by obliging labor groups to submit yearly financial statements, by obliging employers, union authorities, and labor advisors to submit statements about specific labor relations practices (Block, 2001). Some countries oblige unions to undergo certain processes before taking particular steps. Laws may protect the right to become part of a union. Several laws could permit unions to oblige its members to follow certain rules, such as the obligation to conform to a majority rule in a strike ballot (Lawrence, 2006). Some countries do not allow this, like the United States’ ‘right to work’ law. The employment discrimination law safeguards workers from discrimination with regard to gender, age, racial affiliation, ethnicity, religious beliefs, etc. State and federal regulations include majority of the employment discrimination laws (Lawrence, 2006). There are numerous employment processes or practices that have be en regarded discriminatory, which are unlawful. They involve showing discriminatory prejudice in certain job-related processes and areas: recruitment and selection; pay; hiring and/or firing workers; promoting; and different forms of harassment. Appended to the basic protections against discrimination, more current laws have considered the necessity to broaden the law to cover discrimination in terms of disability (Hogler, 2004). Employee privacy rights deal with the work-related activities and personal information of an employee. Private organizations do have several legal duties to their workers, but generally company guidelines will determine most of the privacy rights of an employee (Lawrence, 2006). On the other hand, job security depends on the economy, the worker’s skills,

Filling out application form for SOCIAL WORK COURSE Essay

Filling out application form for SOCIAL WORK COURSE - Essay Example often asked and which are required to be answered in application forms are designed to help the institution that is admitting these students assess the candidates and also to provide an opportunity for the students to determine if they are indeed interested in the course or vocation that they will like to develop themselves. In this essay, some questions that are required to be answered for admission to a social work degree are considered and possible answers provided, with due regard to the background of the candidate filing out the form. This brief essay presents some appropriate responses to questions related to a social work case which may be required to be discussed as a part of the entrance requirements to a degree course in Social Work at a British university. Whereas those who may respond to the questions related to the social work case that is being discussed may have a GCE ‘A’ – level education and varied work experience, the social work case that is required to be discussed is considered from the perspective of a candidate for admission who is from a minority Asian background and hence the candidate is better able to appreciate the peculiarities of the culture of the Indian Sub-Continent, along with the peculiarities of the British culture. The candidate is a second generation migrant to the United Kingdom who was born and bred in the United Kingdom, but was raised in her home environment which is a reflection of the culture of the Indian Sub-Continent. Such individuals, who have an inte rest in social work, can prove to be invaluable for conducting social work in the United Kingdom, because they have the capacity of being able to understand both the British and the Indian cultural traditions. These individuals can serve as a bridge between communities and not only assist in the assimilation of migrants from different background into the multicultural British community, but also help those migrants who have now grown old and are in need of

Virtual Team success Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Virtual Team success - Term Paper Example Virtual teams have objectives similar to the traditional teams, however they use different infrastructure as compared to traditional project teams. In this scenario, they perform their tasks without having the limitations of time, organizational boundaries and geographical locations associated with communication technologies. (Casey & Richardson, 2006) define virtual team as â€Å"a team whose associates make use of the technologies such as the Intranet, Intranets, Extranets and a wide variety of other networks to coordinate, communicate and collaborate with each other on work tasks and projects even if they can carry out their tasks in different geographical regions as well as away from organizations.† Thus, the virtual team is considered as contradictory from the traditional team due to the fact that its members are located across geographical regions. Additionally, virtual teams are normally implemented and managed in multilingual and multicultural surroundings, which can b e away from organizational boundaries (Casey & Richardson, 2006; Gould, 2006; DeRosa & Lepsinger, 2010). In addition, a virtual team is normally composed of people who work from home or any other location however this is not for all time the case. Virtual team associates can work in offices also. There are a numerous reasons why virtual teams are turning out to be so popular these days. The basic reason is the reality that we live in the information age, as different to the industrial age. In view of the fact that the information travels at the speed of light, and those who have access to the most modern and fastest communication and collaboration technologies are capable to send data quickly. The capability to transmit data and information at fast speeds, combined with the power of the web, has caused the formation of "virtual corporations." However, the most influential aspect of the virtual team is that it is not limited to their physical location (Exforsys Inc., 2009). This paper presents an overview of virtual teams. The basic purpose of this research is to analyze some of the impo rtant aspects that are associated with virtual teams such as working, communication, collaboration, operational model, performance enhancement aspects and so on. Why Virtual Teams are Effective? Information technology (IT) has presented a wonderful support required to deal with the advancement of new organizational forms. The concept of a virtual team is a practical example of such organizational form. A virtual team can transform and modernize the infrastructure of the place of work as well as provide the organization with extraordinary levels of power and awareness. In view of the

Reflexivity in relation to anthropologicalethnographic filmmaking Essay

Reflexivity in relation to anthropologicalethnographic filmmaking - Essay Example The Ax Fight was originally created to show students the difficulty in placing a single point-of-view out of a certain field experience. The footages actualize the teaching process and problematize the translation from one cultural experience to another cultural idiom, within which the anthropologist often condenses, analyzes and-makes intellectual models (Ennis, Asch, 1). In the first unedited section of the film all the events are presented and the sound continues even after the film goes dark and the comments of Chagnon, Asch and Johnson are just heard. In the second part, Napoleon Chagnon explains the socio-political significance of the fighter's behavior. The third part, delves more into the socio-cultural complications of the village people. The final section is an edited version. Timothy wanted his students to understand the shortcoming of a film that is has smooth editing and fibula structure like the Nanook of the North. Films like The Ax Fight show how an intellectual inter vention influences an onlooker. The film is also a direct criticism of the inconsistencies of spectatorship and how the desired effect in understanding is achieved by a good filmmaker. Contrary to pre-disposed notions in science and filmmaking, anthropological faithfulness to observation of another culture cannot ever be beyond bias, unless reflexivity is used to both question that objectivity and nurture mental exercise within the spectators. Anthropological filmmaking combines two processes together. One is the filming process and the other is social science. The balance is crucial since science and art clash headlong. The frame within the camera may help to communicate cultural conditions and also further Western knowledge of the "Other", but a culture cannot be completely understood just by introducing a non-fictional narrative as Flaherty does. The limitations are numerous. First, a narrative forces the plot of the actual observation towards a composition of a fiction. Flaherty wanted to manipulate viewers understanding of the biography of Nanook and not further any racist understanding of the Eskimo culture. But with Timothy Asch reflexivity is the first sta nce to question the all-understanding nature of the anthropologist. He wanted to keep certain signs and their nature open to critical interpretation and never risk a comfortable lapse leading to an acceptance from his audience. The conscious effort to keep the audience visually uncomfortable while watching the fight makes the confrontation of inter-cultural experience more critical. Accumulation of data, the process of accumulating it, narration, and little editing of the film may help the nature of critical viewership and gives minimum control to the maker. Timothy and Chagnon relinquish all control of their point-of-view and plunges their own spectatorship with that of the audience in such a way so that it becomes impossible to neglect the cultural and ideological subjectivity of the anthropologists. The students are left to situate the filmed observations within the sphere of public and uniform scientific study. The anthropologists become a part of the study themselves since their psychological perspectives are of profound value in regard to the choice of the subject itself. Human recording of another human behavior is the proper subject of postmodern dialogism. The indefinite and inadequate interplay of